Add goal persistence foundation (1 / 5) (#18073)

Adds the persisted goal foundation for the rest of the stack. This PR is
intentionally limited to feature flag and state-layer behavior;
app-server APIs, model tools, runtime continuation, and TUI UX are
layered in later PRs.

## Why

Goal mode needs durable thread-level state before clients or model tools
can safely build on it. The state layer needs to know whether a goal
exists, what objective it tracks, whether it is active, paused,
budget-limited, or complete, and how much time/token usage has already
been accounted.

## What changed

- Added the `goals` feature flag and generated config schema entry.
- Added the `thread_goals` state table and Rust model for persisted
thread goals.
- Added state runtime APIs for creating, replacing, updating, deleting,
and accounting goal usage.
- Added `goal_id`-based stale update protection so an old goal update
cannot overwrite a replacement.
- Kept this PR scoped to persistence and state runtime behavior, with no
app-server, model-facing, continuation, or TUI behavior yet.

## Verification

- Added state runtime coverage for goal creation, replacement, stale
update protection, status transitions, token-budget behavior, and usage
accounting.

codex-rs/core/config.schema.json

@@ -424,6 +424,9 @@
             "general_analytics": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
+            "goals": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
             "guardian_approval": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
@@ -2616,6 +2619,9 @@
         "general_analytics": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
+        "goals": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
         "guardian_approval": {
           "type": "boolean"
         },