feat(tui2): improve transcript copy fidelity

Improve clipboard output for transcript selections, even when content is wrapped.

- Preserve meaningful indentation for code blocks.
- Treat soft-wrapped prose as a single logical line via wrap joiners.
- Emit Markdown source markers when copying (inline backticks, code fences).
- Extract selection/copy reconstruction into `transcript_copy`.
- Thread joiner metadata through history rendering and wrapping helpers.
- Update docs and add focused test coverage.

codex-rs/tui2/docs/tui_viewport_and_history.md

@@ -183,13 +183,18 @@ Mouse interaction is a first‑class part of the new design:
     that we use for bullets/prefixes.
 
 - **Copy.**
-  - When the user triggers copy, the TUI reconstructs the same wrapped transcript lines used for
-    on-screen rendering.
-  - It then walks the content-relative selection range (even if the selection extends outside the
-    current viewport) and re-renders each selected visual line into a 1-row offscreen buffer to
-    reconstruct the exact text region the user highlighted (including internal spaces and empty
-    lines, while skipping wide-glyph continuation cells and right-margin padding).
-  - That text is sent to the system clipboard and a status footer indicates success or failure.
+  - When the user triggers copy, the TUI reconstructs the wrapped transcript lines using the same
+    flattening/wrapping rules as the visible view.
+  - It then reconstructs a high‑fidelity clipboard string from the selected logical lines:
+    - Preserves meaningful indentation (especially for code blocks).
+    - Treats soft-wrapped prose as a single logical line by joining wrap continuations instead of
+      inserting hard newlines.
+    - Emits Markdown source markers (e.g. backticks and fences) for copy/paste, even if the UI
+      chooses to render those constructs without showing the literal markers.
+  - Copy operates on the full selection range, even if the selection extends outside the current
+    viewport.
+  - The resulting text is sent to the system clipboard and a status footer indicates success or
+    failure.
 
 Because scrolling, selection, and copy all operate on the same flattened transcript representation,
 they remain consistent even as the viewport resizes or the chat composer grows/shrinks. Owning our

codex-rs/tui2/src/app.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::pager_overlay::Overlay;
 use crate::render::highlight::highlight_bash_to_lines;
 use crate::render::renderable::Renderable;
 use crate::resume_picker::ResumeSelection;
-use crate::transcript_copy::TranscriptCopyUi;
+use crate::transcript_copy_ui::TranscriptCopyUi;
 use crate::transcript_selection::TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS;
 use crate::transcript_selection::TranscriptSelection;
 use crate::transcript_selection::TranscriptSelectionPoint;
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ use crate::tui::scrolling::ScrollUpdate;
 use crate::tui::scrolling::TranscriptLineMeta;
 use crate::tui::scrolling::TranscriptScroll;
 use crate::update_action::UpdateAction;
-use crate::wrapping::RtOptions;
-use crate::wrapping::word_wrap_line;
-use crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines_borrowed;
 use codex_ansi_escape::ansi_escape_line;
 use codex_core::AuthManager;
 use codex_core::ConversationManager;
@@ -80,7 +77,6 @@ use std::thread;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::select;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
 use crate::history_cell::UpdateAvailableHistoryCell;
@@ -486,7 +482,7 @@ impl App {
             },
         );
 
-        let copy_selection_shortcut = crate::transcript_copy::detect_copy_selection_shortcut();
+        let copy_selection_shortcut = crate::transcript_copy_ui::detect_copy_selection_shortcut();
 
         let mut app = Self {
             server: conversation_manager.clone(),
@@ -570,13 +566,15 @@ impl App {
         let session_lines = if width == 0 {
             Vec::new()
         } else {
-            let (lines, line_meta) = Self::build_transcript_lines(&app.transcript_cells, width);
+            let transcript =
+                crate::transcript_render::build_transcript_lines(&app.transcript_cells, width);
+            let (lines, line_meta) = (transcript.lines, transcript.meta);
             let is_user_cell: Vec<bool> = app
                 .transcript_cells
                 .iter()
                 .map(|cell| cell.as_any().is::<UserHistoryCell>())
                 .collect();
-            Self::render_lines_to_ansi(&lines, &line_meta, &is_user_cell, width)
+            crate::transcript_render::render_lines_to_ansi(&lines, &line_meta, &is_user_cell, width)
         };
 
         tui.terminal.clear()?;
@@ -711,7 +709,9 @@ impl App {
             height: max_transcript_height,
         };
 
-        let (lines, line_meta) = Self::build_transcript_lines(cells, transcript_area.width);
+        let transcript =
+            crate::transcript_render::build_wrapped_transcript_lines(cells, transcript_area.width);
+        let (lines, line_meta) = (transcript.lines, transcript.meta);
         if lines.is_empty() {
             Clear.render_ref(transcript_area, frame.buffer);
             self.transcript_scroll = TranscriptScroll::default();
@@ -720,40 +720,12 @@ impl App {
             return area.y;
         }
 
-        let wrapped = word_wrap_lines_borrowed(&lines, transcript_area.width.max(1) as usize);
-        if wrapped.is_empty() {
-            self.transcript_scroll = TranscriptScroll::default();
-            self.transcript_view_top = 0;
-            self.transcript_total_lines = 0;
-            return area.y;
-        }
-
         let is_user_cell: Vec<bool> = cells
             .iter()
             .map(|c| c.as_any().is::<UserHistoryCell>())
             .collect();
-        let base_opts: RtOptions<'_> = RtOptions::new(transcript_area.width.max(1) as usize);
-        let mut wrapped_is_user_row: Vec<bool> = Vec::with_capacity(wrapped.len());
-        let mut first = true;
-        for (idx, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
-            let opts = if first {
-                base_opts.clone()
-            } else {
-                base_opts
-                    .clone()
-                    .initial_indent(base_opts.subsequent_indent.clone())
-            };
-            let seg_count = word_wrap_line(line, opts).len();
-            let is_user_row = line_meta
-                .get(idx)
-                .and_then(TranscriptLineMeta::cell_index)
-                .map(|cell_index| is_user_cell.get(cell_index).copied().unwrap_or(false))
-                .unwrap_or(false);
-            wrapped_is_user_row.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(is_user_row, seg_count));
-            first = false;
-        }
 
-        let total_lines = wrapped.len();
+        let total_lines = lines.len();
         self.transcript_total_lines = total_lines;
         let max_visible = std::cmp::min(max_transcript_height as usize, total_lines);
         let max_start = total_lines.saturating_sub(max_visible);
@@ -805,11 +777,12 @@ impl App {
                 height: 1,
             };
 
-            if wrapped_is_user_row
+            let is_user_row = line_meta
                 .get(line_index)
-                .copied()
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-            {
+                .and_then(TranscriptLineMeta::cell_index)
+                .map(|cell_index| is_user_cell.get(cell_index).copied().unwrap_or(false))
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+            if is_user_row {
                 let base_style = crate::style::user_message_style();
                 for x in row_area.x..row_area.right() {
                     let cell = &mut frame.buffer[(x, y)];
@@ -818,7 +791,7 @@ impl App {
                 }
             }
 
-            wrapped[line_index].render_ref(row_area, frame.buffer);
+            lines[line_index].render_ref(row_area, frame.buffer);
         }
 
         self.apply_transcript_selection(transcript_area, frame.buffer);
@@ -1125,7 +1098,9 @@ impl App {
             return;
         }
 
-        let (_, line_meta) = Self::build_transcript_lines(&self.transcript_cells, width);
+        let transcript =
+            crate::transcript_render::build_wrapped_transcript_lines(&self.transcript_cells, width);
+        let line_meta = transcript.meta;
         self.transcript_scroll =
             self.transcript_scroll
                 .scrolled_by(delta_lines, &line_meta, visible_lines);
@@ -1149,7 +1124,9 @@ impl App {
             return;
         }
 
-        let (lines, line_meta) = Self::build_transcript_lines(&self.transcript_cells, width);
+        let transcript =
+            crate::transcript_render::build_wrapped_transcript_lines(&self.transcript_cells, width);
+        let (lines, line_meta) = (transcript.lines, transcript.meta);
         if lines.is_empty() || line_meta.is_empty() {
             return;
         }
@@ -1174,111 +1151,6 @@ impl App {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Build the flattened transcript lines for rendering, scrolling, and exit transcripts.
-    ///
-    /// Returns both the visible `Line` buffer and a parallel metadata vector
-    /// that maps each line back to its originating `(cell_index, line_in_cell)`
-    /// pair (see `TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine`), or `TranscriptLineMeta::Spacer` for
-    /// synthetic spacer rows inserted between cells. This allows the scroll state
-    /// to anchor to a specific history cell even as new content arrives or the
-    /// viewport size changes, and gives exit transcript renderers enough structure
-    /// to style user rows differently from agent rows.
-    fn build_transcript_lines(
-        cells: &[Arc<dyn HistoryCell>],
-        width: u16,
-    ) -> (Vec<Line<'static>>, Vec<TranscriptLineMeta>) {
-        let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
-        let mut line_meta: Vec<TranscriptLineMeta> = Vec::new();
-        let mut has_emitted_lines = false;
-
-        for (cell_index, cell) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
-            let cell_lines = cell.display_lines(width);
-            if cell_lines.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if !cell.is_stream_continuation() {
-                if has_emitted_lines {
-                    lines.push(Line::from(""));
-                    line_meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::Spacer);
-                } else {
-                    has_emitted_lines = true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            for (line_in_cell, line) in cell_lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                line_meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
-                    cell_index,
-                    line_in_cell,
-                });
-                lines.push(line);
-            }
-        }
-
-        (lines, line_meta)
-    }
-
-    /// Render flattened transcript lines into ANSI strings suitable for
-    /// printing after the TUI exits.
-    ///
-    /// This helper mirrors the original TUI viewport behavior:
-    ///  - Merges line-level style into each span so the ANSI output matches
-    ///    the on-screen styling (e.g., blockquotes, lists).
-    ///  - For user-authored rows, pads the background style out to the full
-    ///    terminal width so prompts appear as solid blocks in scrollback.
-    ///  - Streams spans through the shared vt100 writer so downstream tests
-    ///    and tools see consistent escape sequences.
-    fn render_lines_to_ansi(
-        lines: &[Line<'static>],
-        line_meta: &[TranscriptLineMeta],
-        is_user_cell: &[bool],
-        width: u16,
-    ) -> Vec<String> {
-        lines
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(idx, line)| {
-                let is_user_row = line_meta
-                    .get(idx)
-                    .and_then(TranscriptLineMeta::cell_index)
-                    .map(|cell_index| is_user_cell.get(cell_index).copied().unwrap_or(false))
-                    .unwrap_or(false);
-
-                let mut merged_spans: Vec<ratatui::text::Span<'static>> = line
-                    .spans
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|span| ratatui::text::Span {
-                        style: span.style.patch(line.style),
-                        content: span.content.clone(),
-                    })
-                    .collect();
-
-                if is_user_row && width > 0 {
-                    let text: String = merged_spans
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|span| span.content.as_ref())
-                        .collect();
-                    let text_width = UnicodeWidthStr::width(text.as_str());
-                    let total_width = usize::from(width);
-                    if text_width < total_width {
-                        let pad_len = total_width.saturating_sub(text_width);
-                        if pad_len > 0 {
-                            let pad_style = crate::style::user_message_style();
-                            merged_spans.push(ratatui::text::Span {
-                                style: pad_style,
-                                content: " ".repeat(pad_len).into(),
-                            });
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-                let _ = crate::insert_history::write_spans(&mut buf, merged_spans.iter());
-                String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default()
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
     /// Apply the current transcript selection to the given buffer.
     ///
     /// The selection is defined in terms of flattened wrapped transcript line
@@ -1401,13 +1273,13 @@ impl App {
             return;
         }
 
-        let (lines, _) = Self::build_transcript_lines(&self.transcript_cells, width);
-        let Some(text) =
-            crate::transcript_selection::selection_text(&lines, self.transcript_selection, width)
-        else {
+        let Some(text) = crate::transcript_copy::selection_to_copy_text_for_cells(
+            &self.transcript_cells,
+            self.transcript_selection,
+            width,
+        ) else {
             return;
         };
-
         if let Err(err) = clipboard_copy::copy_text(text) {
             tracing::error!(error = %err, "failed to copy selection to clipboard");
         }
@@ -2189,7 +2061,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::history_cell::HistoryCell;
     use crate::history_cell::UserHistoryCell;
     use crate::history_cell::new_session_info;
-    use crate::transcript_copy::CopySelectionShortcut;
+    use crate::transcript_copy_ui::CopySelectionShortcut;
     use codex_core::AuthManager;
     use codex_core::CodexAuth;
     use codex_core::ConversationManager;
@@ -2363,10 +2235,12 @@ mod tests {
             column: u16::MAX,
         });
 
-        let (lines, _) = App::build_transcript_lines(&app.transcript_cells, 40);
-        let text =
-            crate::transcript_selection::selection_text(&lines, app.transcript_selection, 40)
-                .unwrap();
+        let text = crate::transcript_copy::selection_to_copy_text_for_cells(
+            &app.transcript_cells,
+            app.transcript_selection,
+            40,
+        )
+        .expect("expected text");
         assert_eq!(text, "one\ntwo\nthree\nfour");
     }
 
@@ -2766,7 +2640,12 @@ mod tests {
         let is_user_cell = vec![true];
         let width: u16 = 10;
 
-        let rendered = App::render_lines_to_ansi(&lines, &line_meta, &is_user_cell, width);
+        let rendered = crate::transcript_render::render_lines_to_ansi(
+            &lines,
+            &line_meta,
+            &is_user_cell,
+            width,
+        );
         assert_eq!(rendered.len(), 1);
         assert!(rendered[0].contains("hi"));
     }

codex-rs/tui2/src/history_cell.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::exec_command::strip_bash_lc_and_escape;
 use crate::markdown::append_markdown;
 use crate::render::line_utils::line_to_static;
 use crate::render::line_utils::prefix_lines;
-use crate::render::line_utils::push_owned_lines;
 use crate::render::renderable::Renderable;
 use crate::style::user_message_style;
 use crate::text_formatting::format_and_truncate_tool_result;
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ use crate::update_action::UpdateAction;
 use crate::version::CODEX_CLI_VERSION;
 use crate::wrapping::RtOptions;
 use crate::wrapping::word_wrap_line;
-use crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines;
 use base64::Engine;
 use codex_common::format_env_display::format_env_display;
 use codex_core::config::Config;
@@ -58,6 +56,47 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 use tracing::error;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// Visual transcript lines plus soft-wrap joiners.
+///
+/// A history cell can produce multiple "visual lines" once prefixes/indents and wrapping are
+/// applied. Clipboard reconstruction needs more information than just those lines: users expect
+/// soft-wrapped prose to copy as a single logical line, while explicit newlines and spacer rows
+/// should remain hard breaks.
+///
+/// `joiner_before` records, for each output line, whether it is a continuation created by the
+/// wrapping algorithm and what string should be inserted at the wrap boundary when joining lines.
+/// This avoids heuristics like always inserting a space, and instead preserves the exact whitespace
+/// that was skipped at the boundary.
+///
+/// ## Note for `codex-tui` vs `codex-tui2`
+///
+/// In `codex-tui`, `HistoryCell` only exposes `transcript_lines(...)` and the UI generally doesn't
+/// need to reconstruct clipboard text across off-screen history or soft-wrap boundaries.
+///
+/// In `codex-tui2`, transcript selection and copy are app-driven (not terminal-driven) and may span
+/// content that isn't currently visible. That means we need additional metadata to distinguish hard
+/// breaks from soft wraps and to preserve the exact whitespace at wrap boundaries.
+///
+/// Invariants:
+/// - `joiner_before.len() == lines.len()`
+/// - `joiner_before[0]` is always `None`
+/// - `None` represents a hard break
+/// - `Some(joiner)` represents a soft wrap continuation
+///
+/// Consumers:
+/// - `transcript_render` threads joiners through transcript flattening/wrapping.
+/// - `transcript_copy` uses them to join wrapped prose while preserving hard breaks.
+pub(crate) struct TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+    /// Visual transcript lines for a history cell, including any indent/prefix spans.
+    ///
+    /// This is the same shape used for on-screen transcript rendering: a single cell may expand
+    /// to multiple `Line`s after wrapping and prefixing.
+    pub(crate) lines: Vec<Line<'static>>,
+    /// For each output line, whether and how to join it to the previous line when copying.
+    pub(crate) joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>>,
+}
+
 /// Represents an event to display in the conversation history. Returns its
 /// `Vec<Line<'static>>` representation to make it easier to display in a
 /// scrollable list.
@@ -76,6 +115,19 @@ pub(crate) trait HistoryCell: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Any {
         self.display_lines(width)
     }
 
+    /// Transcript lines plus soft-wrap joiners used for copy/paste fidelity.
+    ///
+    /// Most cells can use the default implementation (no joiners), but cells that apply wrapping
+    /// should override this and return joiners derived from the same wrapping operation so
+    /// clipboard reconstruction can distinguish hard breaks from soft wraps.
+    fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+        let lines = self.transcript_lines(width);
+        TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            joiner_before: vec![None; lines.len()],
+            lines,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn desired_transcript_height(&self, width: u16) -> u16 {
         let lines = self.transcript_lines(width);
         // Workaround for ratatui bug: if there's only one line and it's whitespace-only, ratatui gives 2 lines.
@@ -135,8 +187,10 @@ pub(crate) struct UserHistoryCell {
 
 impl HistoryCell for UserHistoryCell {
     fn display_lines(&self, width: u16) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
-        let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+        self.transcript_lines_with_joiners(width).lines
+    }
 
+    fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
         let wrap_width = width
             .saturating_sub(
                 LIVE_PREFIX_COLS + 1, /* keep a one-column right margin for wrapping */
@@ -145,17 +199,32 @@ impl HistoryCell for UserHistoryCell {
 
         let style = user_message_style();
 
-        let wrapped = word_wrap_lines(
+        let (wrapped, joiner_before) = crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines_with_joiners(
             self.message.lines().map(|l| Line::from(l).style(style)),
             // Wrap algorithm matches textarea.rs.
             RtOptions::new(usize::from(wrap_width))
                 .wrap_algorithm(textwrap::WrapAlgorithm::FirstFit),
         );
 
+        let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut joins: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
+
         lines.push(Line::from("").style(style));
-        lines.extend(prefix_lines(wrapped, "› ".bold().dim(), "  ".into()));
+        joins.push(None);
+
+        let prefixed = prefix_lines(wrapped, "› ".bold().dim(), "  ".into());
+        for (line, joiner) in prefixed.into_iter().zip(joiner_before) {
+            lines.push(line);
+            joins.push(joiner);
+        }
+
         lines.push(Line::from("").style(style));
-        lines
+        joins.push(None);
+
+        TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            lines,
+            joiner_before: joins,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -176,6 +245,10 @@ impl ReasoningSummaryCell {
     }
 
     fn lines(&self, width: u16) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
+        self.lines_with_joiners(width).lines
+    }
+
+    fn lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
         let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
         append_markdown(
             &self.content,
@@ -195,12 +268,17 @@ impl ReasoningSummaryCell {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        word_wrap_lines(
+        let (lines, joiner_before) = crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines_with_joiners(
             &summary_lines,
             RtOptions::new(width as usize)
                 .initial_indent("• ".dim().into())
                 .subsequent_indent("  ".into()),
-        )
+        );
+
+        TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            lines,
+            joiner_before,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -225,6 +303,10 @@ impl HistoryCell for ReasoningSummaryCell {
         self.lines(width)
     }
 
+    fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+        self.lines_with_joiners(width)
+    }
+
     fn desired_transcript_height(&self, width: u16) -> u16 {
         self.lines(width).len() as u16
     }
@@ -247,16 +329,50 @@ impl AgentMessageCell {
 
 impl HistoryCell for AgentMessageCell {
     fn display_lines(&self, width: u16) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
-        word_wrap_lines(
-            &self.lines,
-            RtOptions::new(width as usize)
-                .initial_indent(if self.is_first_line {
-                    "• ".dim().into()
-                } else {
-                    "  ".into()
-                })
-                .subsequent_indent("  ".into()),
-        )
+        self.transcript_lines_with_joiners(width).lines
+    }
+
+    fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+        use ratatui::style::Color;
+
+        let mut out_lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut is_first_output_line = true;
+        for line in &self.lines {
+            let is_code_block_line = line.style.fg == Some(Color::Cyan);
+            let initial_indent: Line<'static> = if is_first_output_line && self.is_first_line {
+                "• ".dim().into()
+            } else {
+                "  ".into()
+            };
+            let subsequent_indent: Line<'static> = "  ".into();
+
+            if is_code_block_line {
+                let mut spans = initial_indent.spans;
+                spans.extend(line.spans.iter().cloned());
+                out_lines.push(Line::from(spans).style(line.style));
+                joiner_before.push(None);
+                is_first_output_line = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let opts = RtOptions::new(width as usize)
+                .initial_indent(initial_indent)
+                .subsequent_indent(subsequent_indent.clone());
+            let (wrapped, wrapped_joiners) =
+                crate::wrapping::word_wrap_line_with_joiners(line, opts);
+            for (l, j) in wrapped.into_iter().zip(wrapped_joiners) {
+                out_lines.push(line_to_static(&l));
+                joiner_before.push(j);
+                is_first_output_line = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            lines: out_lines,
+            joiner_before,
+        }
     }
 
     fn is_stream_continuation(&self) -> bool {
@@ -358,21 +474,30 @@ impl PrefixedWrappedHistoryCell {
 
 impl HistoryCell for PrefixedWrappedHistoryCell {
     fn display_lines(&self, width: u16) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
-        if width == 0 {
-            return Vec::new();
-        }
-        let opts = RtOptions::new(width.max(1) as usize)
-            .initial_indent(self.initial_prefix.clone())
-            .subsequent_indent(self.subsequent_prefix.clone());
-        let wrapped = word_wrap_lines(&self.text, opts);
-        let mut out = Vec::new();
-        push_owned_lines(&wrapped, &mut out);
-        out
+        self.transcript_lines_with_joiners(width).lines
     }
 
     fn desired_height(&self, width: u16) -> u16 {
         self.display_lines(width).len() as u16
     }
+
+    fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+        if width == 0 {
+            return TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+                lines: Vec::new(),
+                joiner_before: Vec::new(),
+            };
+        }
+        let opts = RtOptions::new(width.max(1) as usize)
+            .initial_indent(self.initial_prefix.clone())
+            .subsequent_indent(self.subsequent_prefix.clone());
+        let (lines, joiner_before) =
+            crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines_with_joiners(&self.text, opts);
+        TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            lines,
+            joiner_before,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn truncate_exec_snippet(full_cmd: &str) -> String {

codex-rs/tui2/src/insert_history.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
+//! Render `ratatui` transcript lines into terminal scrollback.
+//!
+//! `insert_history_lines` is responsible for inserting rendered transcript lines
+//! *above* the TUI viewport by emitting ANSI control sequences through the
+//! terminal backend writer.
+//!
+//! ## Why we use crossterm style commands
+//!
+//! `write_spans` is also used by non-terminal callers (e.g.
+//! `transcript_render::render_lines_to_ansi`) to produce deterministic ANSI
+//! output for tests and "print after exit" flows. That means the implementation
+//! must work with any `impl Write` (including an in-memory `Vec<u8>`) and must
+//! preserve `ratatui::style::Color` semantics, including `Rgb(...)` and
+//! `Indexed(...)`.
+//!
+//! Crossterm's style commands implement `Command` (including ANSI emission), so
+//! `write_spans` can remain backend-independent while still producing ANSI
+//! output that matches the terminal-rendered transcript.
+
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io;
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -10,14 +29,11 @@ use crossterm::style::Color as CColor;
 use crossterm::style::Colors;
 use crossterm::style::Print;
 use crossterm::style::SetAttribute;
-use crossterm::style::SetBackgroundColor;
 use crossterm::style::SetColors;
-use crossterm::style::SetForegroundColor;
 use crossterm::terminal::Clear;
 use crossterm::terminal::ClearType;
 use ratatui::layout::Size;
 use ratatui::prelude::Backend;
-use ratatui::style::Color;
 use ratatui::style::Modifier;
 use ratatui::text::Line;
 use ratatui::text::Span;
@@ -97,14 +113,8 @@ where
         queue!(
             writer,
             SetColors(Colors::new(
-                line.style
-                    .fg
-                    .map(std::convert::Into::into)
-                    .unwrap_or(CColor::Reset),
-                line.style
-                    .bg
-                    .map(std::convert::Into::into)
-                    .unwrap_or(CColor::Reset)
+                line.style.fg.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(CColor::Reset),
+                line.style.bg.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(CColor::Reset),
             ))
         )?;
         queue!(writer, Clear(ClearType::UntilNewLine))?;
@@ -245,8 +255,8 @@ pub(crate) fn write_spans<'a, I>(mut writer: &mut impl Write, content: I) -> io:
 where
     I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a Span<'a>>,
 {
-    let mut fg = Color::Reset;
-    let mut bg = Color::Reset;
+    let mut fg = CColor::Reset;
+    let mut bg = CColor::Reset;
     let mut last_modifier = Modifier::empty();
     for span in content {
         let mut modifier = Modifier::empty();
@@ -260,13 +270,10 @@ where
             diff.queue(&mut writer)?;
             last_modifier = modifier;
         }
-        let next_fg = span.style.fg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset);
-        let next_bg = span.style.bg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset);
+        let next_fg = span.style.fg.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(CColor::Reset);
+        let next_bg = span.style.bg.map(Into::into).unwrap_or(CColor::Reset);
         if next_fg != fg || next_bg != bg {
-            queue!(
-                writer,
-                SetColors(Colors::new(next_fg.into(), next_bg.into()))
-            )?;
+            queue!(writer, SetColors(Colors::new(next_fg, next_bg)))?;
             fg = next_fg;
             bg = next_bg;
         }
@@ -274,12 +281,7 @@ where
         queue!(writer, Print(span.content.clone()))?;
     }
 
-    queue!(
-        writer,
-        SetForegroundColor(CColor::Reset),
-        SetBackgroundColor(CColor::Reset),
-        SetAttribute(crossterm::style::Attribute::Reset),
-    )
+    queue!(writer, SetAttribute(crossterm::style::Attribute::Reset))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -287,8 +289,10 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::markdown_render::render_markdown_text;
     use crate::test_backend::VT100Backend;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
     use ratatui::layout::Rect;
     use ratatui::style::Color;
+    use ratatui::style::Style;
 
     #[test]
     fn writes_bold_then_regular_spans() {
@@ -306,8 +310,6 @@ mod tests {
             Print("A"),
             SetAttribute(crossterm::style::Attribute::NormalIntensity),
             Print("B"),
-            SetForegroundColor(CColor::Reset),
-            SetBackgroundColor(CColor::Reset),
             SetAttribute(crossterm::style::Attribute::Reset),
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -318,6 +320,37 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+    fn write_spans_emits_truecolor_and_indexed_sgr() {
+        let spans = [Span::styled(
+            "X",
+            Style::default()
+                .fg(Color::Rgb(1, 2, 3))
+                .bg(Color::Indexed(42)),
+        )];
+
+        let mut actual: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        write_spans(&mut actual, spans.iter()).unwrap();
+
+        let mut expected: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        queue!(
+            expected,
+            SetColors(Colors::new(
+                CColor::Rgb { r: 1, g: 2, b: 3 },
+                CColor::AnsiValue(42)
+            )),
+            Print("X"),
+            SetAttribute(crossterm::style::Attribute::Reset),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            String::from_utf8(actual).unwrap(),
+            String::from_utf8(expected).unwrap(),
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn vt100_blockquote_line_emits_green_fg() {
         // Set up a small off-screen terminal
@@ -331,7 +364,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Build a blockquote-like line: apply line-level green style and prefix "> "
         let mut line: Line<'static> = Line::from(vec!["> ".into(), "Hello world".into()]);
-        line = line.style(Color::Green);
+        line = line.style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green));
         insert_history_lines(&mut term, vec![line])
             .expect("Failed to insert history lines in test");
 
@@ -369,7 +402,7 @@ mod tests {
             "> ".into(),
             "This is a long quoted line that should wrap".into(),
         ]);
-        line = line.style(Color::Green);
+        line = line.style(Style::default().fg(Color::Green));
 
         insert_history_lines(&mut term, vec![line])
             .expect("Failed to insert history lines in test");

codex-rs/tui2/src/lib.rs

@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ mod terminal_palette;
 mod text_formatting;
 mod tooltips;
 mod transcript_copy;
+mod transcript_copy_ui;
+mod transcript_render;
 mod transcript_selection;
 mod tui;
 mod ui_consts;

codex-rs/tui2/src/markdown_render.rs

@@ -468,11 +468,19 @@ where
             .indent_stack
             .iter()
             .any(|ctx| ctx.prefix.iter().any(|s| s.content.contains('>')));
-        let style = if blockquote_active {
+        let mut style = if blockquote_active {
             self.styles.blockquote
         } else {
             line.style
         };
+        // Code blocks are "preformatted": we want them to keep code styling even when they appear
+        // within other structures like blockquotes (which otherwise apply a line-level style).
+        //
+        // This matters for copy fidelity: downstream copy logic uses code styling as a cue to
+        // preserve indentation and to fence code runs with Markdown markers.
+        if self.in_code_block {
+            style = style.patch(self.styles.code);
+        }
         let was_pending = self.pending_marker_line;
 
         self.current_initial_indent = self.prefix_spans(was_pending);

codex-rs/tui2/src/markdown_render_tests.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+use ratatui::style::Color;
 use ratatui::style::Stylize;
 use ratatui::text::Line;
 use ratatui::text::Span;
@@ -382,34 +383,20 @@ fn blockquote_heading_inherits_heading_style() {
 fn blockquote_with_code_block() {
     let md = "> ```\n> code\n> ```\n";
     let text = render_markdown_text(md);
-    let lines: Vec<String> = text
-        .lines
-        .iter()
-        .map(|l| {
-            l.spans
-                .iter()
-                .map(|s| s.content.clone())
-                .collect::<String>()
-        })
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(lines, vec!["> code".to_string()]);
+    assert_eq!(text.lines, [Line::from_iter(["> ", "", "code"]).cyan()]);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn blockquote_with_multiline_code_block() {
     let md = "> ```\n> first\n> second\n> ```\n";
     let text = render_markdown_text(md);
-    let lines: Vec<String> = text
-        .lines
-        .iter()
-        .map(|l| {
-            l.spans
-                .iter()
-                .map(|s| s.content.clone())
-                .collect::<String>()
-        })
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(lines, vec!["> first", "> second"]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        text.lines,
+        [
+            Line::from_iter(["> ", "", "first"]).cyan(),
+            Line::from_iter(["> ", "", "second"]).cyan(),
+        ]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -453,6 +440,12 @@ fn nested_blockquote_with_inline_and_fenced_code() {
             "> > echo \"hello from a quote\"".to_string(),
         ]
     );
+
+    // Fenced code inside nested blockquotes should keep code styling so copy logic can treat it as
+    // preformatted.
+    for idx in [4usize, 5usize] {
+        assert_eq!(text.lines[idx].style.fg, Some(Color::Cyan));
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -654,7 +647,7 @@ fn link() {
 #[test]
 fn code_block_unhighlighted() {
     let text = render_markdown_text("```rust\nfn main() {}\n```\n");
-    let expected = Text::from_iter([Line::from_iter(["", "fn main() {}"])]);
+    let expected = Text::from_iter([Line::from_iter(["", "fn main() {}"]).cyan()]);
     assert_eq!(text, expected);
 }
 
@@ -663,8 +656,8 @@ fn code_block_multiple_lines_root() {
     let md = "```\nfirst\nsecond\n```\n";
     let text = render_markdown_text(md);
     let expected = Text::from_iter([
-        Line::from_iter(["", "first"]),
-        Line::from_iter(["", "second"]),
+        Line::from_iter(["", "first"]).cyan(),
+        Line::from_iter(["", "second"]).cyan(),
     ]);
     assert_eq!(text, expected);
 }
@@ -674,9 +667,9 @@ fn code_block_indented() {
     let md = "    function greet() {\n      console.log(\"Hi\");\n    }\n";
     let text = render_markdown_text(md);
     let expected = Text::from_iter([
-        Line::from_iter(["    ", "function greet() {"]),
-        Line::from_iter(["    ", "  console.log(\"Hi\");"]),
-        Line::from_iter(["    ", "}"]),
+        Line::from_iter(["    ", "function greet() {"]).cyan(),
+        Line::from_iter(["    ", "  console.log(\"Hi\");"]).cyan(),
+        Line::from_iter(["    ", "}"]).cyan(),
     ]);
     assert_eq!(text, expected);
 }

codex-rs/tui2/src/transcript_copy_ui.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//! Transcript-selection copy UX helpers.
+//!
+//! # Background
+//!
+//! TUI2 owns a logical transcript viewport (with history that can live outside the visible buffer),
+//! plus its own selection model. Terminal-native selection/copy does not work reliably in this
+//! setup because:
+//!
+//! - The selection can extend outside the current viewport, while terminal selection can't.
+//! - We want to exclude non-content regions (like the left gutter) from copied text.
+//! - The terminal may intercept some keybindings before the app ever sees them.
+//!
+//! This module centralizes:
+//!
+//! - The effective "copy selection" shortcut (so the footer and affordance stay in sync).
+//! - Key matching for triggering copy (with terminal quirks handled in one place).
+//! - A small on-screen clickable "⧉ copy …" pill rendered near the current selection.
+//!
+//! # VS Code shortcut rationale
+//!
+//! VS Code's integrated terminal commonly captures `Ctrl+Shift+C` for its own copy behavior and
+//! does not forward the keypress to applications running inside the terminal. Since we can't
+//! observe it via crossterm, we advertise and accept `Ctrl+Y` in that environment.
+//!
+//! Clipboard text reconstruction (preserving indentation, joining soft-wrapped
+//! prose, and emitting Markdown source markers) lives in `transcript_copy`.
+
+use codex_core::terminal::TerminalName;
+use codex_core::terminal::terminal_info;
+use crossterm::event::KeyCode;
+use crossterm::event::KeyModifiers;
+use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+use ratatui::layout::Rect;
+use ratatui::style::Color;
+use ratatui::style::Modifier;
+use ratatui::style::Style;
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use ratatui::text::Span;
+use ratatui::widgets::Paragraph;
+use ratatui::widgets::WidgetRef;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+use crate::key_hint;
+use crate::key_hint::KeyBinding;
+use crate::transcript_selection::TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+/// The shortcut we advertise and accept for "copy selection".
+pub(crate) enum CopySelectionShortcut {
+    CtrlShiftC,
+    CtrlY,
+}
+
+/// Returns the best shortcut to advertise/accept for "copy selection".
+///
+/// VS Code's integrated terminal typically captures `Ctrl+Shift+C` for its own copy behavior and
+/// does not forward it to applications running inside the terminal. That means we can't reliably
+/// observe it via crossterm, so we use `Ctrl+Y` there.
+///
+/// We use both the terminal name (when available) and `VSCODE_IPC_HOOK_CLI` because the terminal
+/// name can be `Unknown` early during startup in some environments.
+pub(crate) fn detect_copy_selection_shortcut() -> CopySelectionShortcut {
+    let info = terminal_info();
+    if info.name == TerminalName::VsCode || std::env::var_os("VSCODE_IPC_HOOK_CLI").is_some() {
+        return CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlY;
+    }
+    CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlShiftC
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn key_binding_for(shortcut: CopySelectionShortcut) -> KeyBinding {
+    match shortcut {
+        CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlShiftC => key_hint::ctrl_shift(KeyCode::Char('c')),
+        CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlY => key_hint::ctrl(KeyCode::Char('y')),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether the given `(ch, modifiers)` should trigger "copy selection".
+///
+/// Terminal/event edge cases:
+/// - Some terminals report `Ctrl+Shift+C` as `Char('C')` with `CONTROL` only, baking the shift into
+///   the character. We accept both `c` and `C` in `CtrlShiftC` mode (including VS Code).
+/// - Some environments intercept `Ctrl+Shift+C` before the app sees it. We keep `Ctrl+Y` as a
+///   fallback in `CtrlShiftC` mode to preserve a working key path.
+pub(crate) fn is_copy_selection_key(
+    shortcut: CopySelectionShortcut,
+    ch: char,
+    modifiers: KeyModifiers,
+) -> bool {
+    if !modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    match shortcut {
+        CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlY => ch == 'y' && modifiers == KeyModifiers::CONTROL,
+        CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlShiftC => {
+            (matches!(ch, 'c' | 'C') && (modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::SHIFT) || ch == 'C'))
+                // Fallback for environments that intercept Ctrl+Shift+C.
+                || (ch == 'y' && modifiers == KeyModifiers::CONTROL)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// UI state for the on-screen copy affordance shown near an active selection.
+///
+/// This tracks a `Rect` for hit-testing so we can treat the pill as a clickable button.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct TranscriptCopyUi {
+    shortcut: CopySelectionShortcut,
+    dragging: bool,
+    affordance_rect: Option<Rect>,
+}
+
+impl TranscriptCopyUi {
+    /// Creates a new instance using the provided shortcut.
+    pub(crate) fn new_with_shortcut(shortcut: CopySelectionShortcut) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            shortcut,
+            dragging: false,
+            affordance_rect: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn key_binding(&self) -> KeyBinding {
+        key_binding_for(self.shortcut)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_copy_key(&self, ch: char, modifiers: KeyModifiers) -> bool {
+        is_copy_selection_key(self.shortcut, ch, modifiers)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_dragging(&mut self, dragging: bool) {
+        self.dragging = dragging;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clear_affordance(&mut self) {
+        self.affordance_rect = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the last rendered pill contains `(x, y)`.
+    ///
+    /// `render_copy_pill()` sets `affordance_rect` and `clear_affordance()` clears it, so callers
+    /// should treat this as "hit test against the current frame's affordance".
+    pub(crate) fn hit_test(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> bool {
+        self.affordance_rect
+            .is_some_and(|r| x >= r.x && x < r.right() && y >= r.y && y < r.bottom())
+    }
+
+    /// Render the copy "pill" just below the visible end of the selection.
+    ///
+    /// Inputs are expressed in logical transcript coordinates:
+    /// - `anchor`/`head`: `(line_index, column)` in the wrapped transcript (not screen rows).
+    /// - `view_top`: first logical line index currently visible in `area`.
+    /// - `total_lines`: total number of logical transcript lines.
+    ///
+    /// Placement details / edge cases:
+    /// - We hide the pill while dragging to avoid accidental clicks during selection updates.
+    /// - We only render if some part of the selection is visible, and there's room for a line
+    ///   below it inside `area`.
+    /// - We scan the buffer to find the last non-space cell on each candidate row so the pill can
+    ///   sit "near content", not far to the right past trailing whitespace.
+    ///
+    /// Important: this assumes the transcript content has already been rendered into `buf` for the
+    /// current frame, since the placement logic derives `text_end` by inspecting buffer contents.
+    pub(crate) fn render_copy_pill(
+        &mut self,
+        area: Rect,
+        buf: &mut Buffer,
+        anchor: (usize, u16),
+        head: (usize, u16),
+        view_top: usize,
+        total_lines: usize,
+    ) {
+        // Reset every frame. If we don't render (e.g. selection is off-screen) we shouldn't keep
+        // an old hit target around.
+        self.affordance_rect = None;
+
+        if self.dragging || total_lines == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Skip the transcript gutter (line numbers, diff markers, etc.). Selection/copy operates on
+        // transcript content only.
+        let base_x = area.x.saturating_add(TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS);
+        let max_x = area.right().saturating_sub(1);
+        if base_x > max_x {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Normalize to a start/end pair so the rest of the code can assume forward order.
+        let mut start = anchor;
+        let mut end = head;
+        if (end.0 < start.0) || (end.0 == start.0 && end.1 < start.1) {
+            std::mem::swap(&mut start, &mut end);
+        }
+
+        // We want to place the pill *near the visible end of the selection*, which means:
+        // - Find the last visible transcript line that intersects the selection.
+        // - Find the rightmost selected column on that line (clamped to actual rendered text).
+        // - Place the pill one row below that point.
+        let visible_start = view_top;
+        let visible_end = view_top
+            .saturating_add(area.height as usize)
+            .min(total_lines);
+        let mut last_visible_segment: Option<(u16, u16)> = None;
+
+        for (row_index, line_index) in (visible_start..visible_end).enumerate() {
+            // Skip lines outside the selection range.
+            if line_index < start.0 || line_index > end.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let y = area.y + row_index as u16;
+
+            // Look for the rightmost non-space cell on this row so we can clamp the pill placement
+            // to real content. (The transcript renderer often pads the row with spaces.)
+            let mut last_text_x = None;
+            for x in base_x..=max_x {
+                let cell = &buf[(x, y)];
+                if cell.symbol() != " " {
+                    last_text_x = Some(x);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let Some(text_end) = last_text_x else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            let line_end_col = if line_index == end.0 {
+                end.1
+            } else {
+                // For multi-line selections, treat intermediate lines as selected "to the end" so
+                // the pill doesn't jump left unexpectedly when only the final line has an explicit
+                // end column.
+                max_x.saturating_sub(base_x)
+            };
+
+            let row_sel_end = base_x.saturating_add(line_end_col).min(max_x);
+            if row_sel_end < base_x {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Clamp the selection end to `text_end` so we don't place the pill far to the right on
+            // lines that are mostly blank (or padded).
+            let to_x = row_sel_end.min(text_end);
+            last_visible_segment = Some((y, to_x));
+        }
+
+        // If nothing in the selection is visible, don't show the affordance.
+        let Some((y, to_x)) = last_visible_segment else {
+            return;
+        };
+        // Place the pill on the row below the last visible selection segment.
+        let Some(y) = y.checked_add(1).filter(|y| *y < area.bottom()) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let key_label: Span<'static> = self.key_binding().into();
+        let key_label = key_label.content.as_ref().to_string();
+
+        let pill_text = format!(" ⧉ copy {key_label} ");
+        let pill_width = UnicodeWidthStr::width(pill_text.as_str());
+        if pill_width == 0 || area.width == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let pill_width = (pill_width as u16).min(area.width);
+        // Prefer a small gap between the selected content and the pill so we don't visually merge
+        // into the highlighted selection block.
+        let desired_x = to_x.saturating_add(2);
+        let max_start_x = area.right().saturating_sub(pill_width);
+        let x = if max_start_x < area.x {
+            area.x
+        } else {
+            desired_x.clamp(area.x, max_start_x)
+        };
+
+        let pill_area = Rect::new(x, y, pill_width, 1);
+        let base_style = Style::new().bg(Color::DarkGray);
+        let icon_style = base_style.fg(Color::Cyan);
+        let bold_style = base_style.add_modifier(Modifier::BOLD);
+
+        let mut spans: Vec<Span<'static>> = vec![
+            Span::styled(" ", base_style),
+            Span::styled("⧉", icon_style),
+            Span::styled(" ", base_style),
+            Span::styled("copy", bold_style),
+            Span::styled(" ", base_style),
+            Span::styled(key_label, base_style),
+        ];
+        spans.push(Span::styled(" ", base_style));
+
+        Paragraph::new(vec![Line::from(spans)]).render_ref(pill_area, buf);
+        self.affordance_rect = Some(pill_area);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ratatui::buffer::Buffer;
+
+    fn buf_to_string(buf: &Buffer, area: Rect) -> String {
+        let mut s = String::new();
+        for y in area.y..area.bottom() {
+            for x in area.x..area.right() {
+                s.push(buf[(x, y)].symbol().chars().next().unwrap_or(' '));
+            }
+            s.push('\n');
+        }
+        s
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ctrl_y_pill_does_not_include_ctrl_shift_c() {
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 3);
+        let mut buf = Buffer::empty(area);
+        for y in 0..area.height {
+            for x in 2..area.width.saturating_sub(1) {
+                buf[(x, y)].set_symbol("X");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ui = TranscriptCopyUi::new_with_shortcut(CopySelectionShortcut::CtrlY);
+        ui.render_copy_pill(area, &mut buf, (1, 2), (1, 6), 0, 3);
+
+        let rendered = buf_to_string(&buf, area);
+        assert!(rendered.contains("copy"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("ctrl + y"));
+        assert!(!rendered.contains("ctrl + shift + c"));
+        assert!(ui.affordance_rect.is_some());
+    }
+}

codex-rs/tui2/src/transcript_render.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+//! Transcript rendering helpers (flattening, wrapping, and metadata).
+//!
+//! `App` treats the transcript (history cells) as the source of truth and
+//! renders a *flattened* list of visual lines into the viewport. A single
+//! history cell may render multiple visual lines, and the viewport may include
+//! synthetic spacer rows between cells.
+//!
+//! This module centralizes the logic for:
+//! - Flattening history cells into visual `ratatui::text::Line`s.
+//! - Producing parallel metadata (`TranscriptLineMeta`) used for scroll
+//!   anchoring and "user row" styling.
+//! - Computing *soft-wrap joiners* so copy can treat wrapped prose as one
+//!   logical line instead of inserting hard newlines.
+
+use crate::history_cell::HistoryCell;
+use crate::tui::scrolling::TranscriptLineMeta;
+use ratatui::text::Line;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Flattened transcript lines plus the metadata required to interpret them.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct TranscriptLines {
+    /// Flattened visual transcript lines, in the same order they are rendered.
+    pub(crate) lines: Vec<Line<'static>>,
+    /// Parallel metadata for each line (same length as `lines`).
+    ///
+    /// This maps a visual line back to `(cell_index, line_in_cell)` so scroll
+    /// anchoring and "user row" styling remain stable across reflow.
+    pub(crate) meta: Vec<TranscriptLineMeta>,
+    /// Soft-wrap joiners (same length as `lines`).
+    ///
+    /// `joiner_before[i]` is `Some(joiner)` when line `i` is a soft-wrap
+    /// continuation of line `i - 1`, and `None` when the break is a hard break
+    /// (between input lines/cells, or spacer rows).
+    ///
+    /// Copy uses this to join wrapped prose without inserting hard newlines,
+    /// while still preserving hard line breaks and explicit blank lines.
+    pub(crate) joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>>,
+}
+
+/// Build flattened transcript lines without applying additional viewport wrapping.
+///
+/// This is useful for:
+/// - Exit transcript rendering (ANSI) where we want the "cell as rendered"
+///   output.
+/// - Any consumer that wants a stable cell → line mapping without re-wrapping.
+pub(crate) fn build_transcript_lines(
+    cells: &[Arc<dyn HistoryCell>],
+    width: u16,
+) -> TranscriptLines {
+    // This function is the "lossless" transcript flattener:
+    // - it asks each cell for its transcript lines (including any per-cell prefixes/indents)
+    // - it inserts spacer rows between non-continuation cells to match the viewport layout
+    // - it emits parallel metadata so scroll anchoring can map visual lines back to cells.
+    let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut meta: Vec<TranscriptLineMeta> = Vec::new();
+    let mut joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut has_emitted_lines = false;
+
+    for (cell_index, cell) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
+        // Cells provide joiners alongside lines so copy can distinguish hard breaks from soft wraps
+        // (and preserve the exact whitespace at wrap boundaries).
+        let rendered = cell.transcript_lines_with_joiners(width);
+        if rendered.lines.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Cells that are not stream continuations are separated by an explicit spacer row.
+        // This keeps the flattened transcript aligned with what the user sees in the viewport
+        // and preserves intentional blank lines in copy.
+        if !cell.is_stream_continuation() {
+            if has_emitted_lines {
+                lines.push(Line::from(""));
+                meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::Spacer);
+                joiner_before.push(None);
+            } else {
+                has_emitted_lines = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (line_in_cell, line) in rendered.lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            // `line_in_cell` is the *visual* line index within the cell. Consumers use this for
+            // anchoring (e.g., "keep this row visible when the transcript reflows").
+            meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                cell_index,
+                line_in_cell,
+            });
+            lines.push(line);
+            // Maintain the `joiner_before` invariant: exactly one entry per output line.
+            joiner_before.push(
+                rendered
+                    .joiner_before
+                    .get(line_in_cell)
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or(None),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    TranscriptLines {
+        lines,
+        meta,
+        joiner_before,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build flattened transcript lines as they appear in the transcript viewport.
+///
+/// This applies *viewport wrapping* to prose lines, while deliberately avoiding
+/// wrapping for preformatted content (currently detected via the code-block
+/// line style) so indentation remains meaningful for copy/paste.
+pub(crate) fn build_wrapped_transcript_lines(
+    cells: &[Arc<dyn HistoryCell>],
+    width: u16,
+) -> TranscriptLines {
+    use crate::render::line_utils::line_to_static;
+    use ratatui::style::Color;
+
+    if width == 0 {
+        return TranscriptLines {
+            lines: Vec::new(),
+            meta: Vec::new(),
+            joiner_before: Vec::new(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    let base_opts: crate::wrapping::RtOptions<'_> =
+        crate::wrapping::RtOptions::new(width.max(1) as usize);
+
+    let mut lines: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut meta: Vec<TranscriptLineMeta> = Vec::new();
+    let mut joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut has_emitted_lines = false;
+
+    for (cell_index, cell) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
+        // Start from each cell's transcript view (prefixes/indents already applied), then apply
+        // viewport wrapping to prose while keeping preformatted content intact.
+        let rendered = cell.transcript_lines_with_joiners(width);
+        if rendered.lines.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if !cell.is_stream_continuation() {
+            if has_emitted_lines {
+                lines.push(Line::from(""));
+                meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::Spacer);
+                joiner_before.push(None);
+            } else {
+                has_emitted_lines = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // `visual_line_in_cell` counts the output visual lines produced from this cell *after* any
+        // viewport wrapping. This is distinct from `base_idx` (the index into the cell's input
+        // lines), since a single input line may wrap into multiple visual lines.
+        let mut visual_line_in_cell: usize = 0;
+        let mut first = true;
+        for (base_idx, base_line) in rendered.lines.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Preserve code blocks (and other preformatted text) by not applying
+            // viewport wrapping, so indentation remains meaningful for copy/paste.
+            if base_line.style.fg == Some(Color::Cyan) {
+                lines.push(base_line.clone());
+                meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index,
+                    line_in_cell: visual_line_in_cell,
+                });
+                visual_line_in_cell = visual_line_in_cell.saturating_add(1);
+                // Preformatted lines are treated as hard breaks; we keep the cell-provided joiner
+                // (which is typically `None`).
+                joiner_before.push(
+                    rendered
+                        .joiner_before
+                        .get(base_idx)
+                        .cloned()
+                        .unwrap_or(None),
+                );
+                first = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let opts = if first {
+                base_opts.clone()
+            } else {
+                // For subsequent input lines within a cell, treat the "initial" indent as the
+                // cell's subsequent indent (matches textarea wrapping expectations).
+                base_opts
+                    .clone()
+                    .initial_indent(base_opts.subsequent_indent.clone())
+            };
+            // `word_wrap_line_with_joiners` returns both the wrapped visual lines and, for each
+            // continuation segment, the exact joiner substring that should be inserted instead of a
+            // newline when copying as a logical line.
+            let (wrapped, wrapped_joiners) =
+                crate::wrapping::word_wrap_line_with_joiners(base_line, opts);
+
+            for (seg_idx, (wrapped_line, seg_joiner)) in
+                wrapped.into_iter().zip(wrapped_joiners).enumerate()
+            {
+                lines.push(line_to_static(&wrapped_line));
+                meta.push(TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index,
+                    line_in_cell: visual_line_in_cell,
+                });
+                visual_line_in_cell = visual_line_in_cell.saturating_add(1);
+
+                if seg_idx == 0 {
+                    // The first wrapped segment corresponds to the original input line, so we use
+                    // the cell-provided joiner (hard break vs soft break *between input lines*).
+                    joiner_before.push(
+                        rendered
+                            .joiner_before
+                            .get(base_idx)
+                            .cloned()
+                            .unwrap_or(None),
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    // Subsequent wrapped segments are soft-wrap continuations produced by viewport
+                    // wrapping, so we use the wrap-derived joiner.
+                    joiner_before.push(seg_joiner);
+                }
+            }
+
+            first = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    TranscriptLines {
+        lines,
+        meta,
+        joiner_before,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Render flattened transcript lines into ANSI strings suitable for printing after the TUI exits.
+///
+/// This helper mirrors the transcript viewport behavior:
+/// - Merges line-level style into each span so ANSI output matches on-screen styling.
+/// - For user-authored rows, pads the background style out to the full terminal width so prompts
+///   appear as solid blocks in scrollback.
+/// - Streams spans through the shared vt100 writer so downstream tests and tools see consistent
+///   escape sequences.
+pub(crate) fn render_lines_to_ansi(
+    lines: &[Line<'static>],
+    line_meta: &[TranscriptLineMeta],
+    is_user_cell: &[bool],
+    width: u16,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
+
+    lines
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, line)| {
+            // Determine whether this visual line belongs to a user-authored cell. We use this to
+            // pad the background to the full terminal width so prompts appear as solid blocks in
+            // scrollback.
+            let is_user_row = line_meta
+                .get(idx)
+                .and_then(TranscriptLineMeta::cell_index)
+                .map(|cell_index| is_user_cell.get(cell_index).copied().unwrap_or(false))
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
+            // Line-level styles in ratatui apply to the entire line, but spans can also have their
+            // own styles. ANSI output is span-based, so we "bake" the line style into every span by
+            // patching span style with the line style.
+            let mut merged_spans: Vec<ratatui::text::Span<'static>> = line
+                .spans
+                .iter()
+                .map(|span| ratatui::text::Span {
+                    style: span.style.patch(line.style),
+                    content: span.content.clone(),
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            if is_user_row && width > 0 {
+                // For user rows, pad out to the full width so the background color extends across
+                // the line in terminal scrollback (mirrors the on-screen viewport behavior).
+                let text: String = merged_spans
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|span| span.content.as_ref())
+                    .collect();
+                let text_width = UnicodeWidthStr::width(text.as_str());
+                let total_width = usize::from(width);
+                if text_width < total_width {
+                    let pad_len = total_width.saturating_sub(text_width);
+                    if pad_len > 0 {
+                        let pad_style = crate::style::user_message_style();
+                        merged_spans.push(ratatui::text::Span {
+                            style: pad_style,
+                            content: " ".repeat(pad_len).into(),
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+            let _ = crate::insert_history::write_spans(&mut buf, merged_spans.iter());
+            String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap_or_default()
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::history_cell::TranscriptLinesWithJoiners;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct FakeCell {
+        lines: Vec<Line<'static>>,
+        joiner_before: Vec<Option<String>>,
+        is_stream_continuation: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl HistoryCell for FakeCell {
+        fn display_lines(&self, _width: u16) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
+            self.lines.clone()
+        }
+
+        fn transcript_lines_with_joiners(&self, _width: u16) -> TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+            TranscriptLinesWithJoiners {
+                lines: self.lines.clone(),
+                joiner_before: self.joiner_before.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn is_stream_continuation(&self) -> bool {
+            self.is_stream_continuation
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn concat_line(line: &Line<'_>) -> String {
+        line.spans
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.content.as_ref())
+            .collect::<String>()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_wrapped_transcript_lines_threads_joiners_and_spacers() {
+        let cells: Vec<Arc<dyn HistoryCell>> = vec![
+            Arc::new(FakeCell {
+                lines: vec![Line::from("• hello world")],
+                joiner_before: vec![None],
+                is_stream_continuation: false,
+            }),
+            Arc::new(FakeCell {
+                lines: vec![Line::from("• foo bar")],
+                joiner_before: vec![None],
+                is_stream_continuation: false,
+            }),
+        ];
+
+        // Force wrapping so we get soft-wrap joiners for the second segment of each cell's line.
+        let transcript = build_wrapped_transcript_lines(&cells, 8);
+
+        assert_eq!(transcript.lines.len(), transcript.meta.len());
+        assert_eq!(transcript.lines.len(), transcript.joiner_before.len());
+
+        let rendered: Vec<String> = transcript.lines.iter().map(concat_line).collect();
+        assert_eq!(rendered, vec!["• hello", "world", "", "• foo", "bar"]);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            transcript.meta,
+            vec![
+                TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index: 0,
+                    line_in_cell: 0
+                },
+                TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index: 0,
+                    line_in_cell: 1
+                },
+                TranscriptLineMeta::Spacer,
+                TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index: 1,
+                    line_in_cell: 0
+                },
+                TranscriptLineMeta::CellLine {
+                    cell_index: 1,
+                    line_in_cell: 1
+                },
+            ]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            transcript.joiner_before,
+            vec![
+                None,
+                Some(" ".to_string()),
+                None,
+                None,
+                Some(" ".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+}

codex-rs/tui2/src/transcript_selection.rs

@@ -1,96 +1,63 @@
-//! Transcript selection helpers.
+//! Transcript selection primitives.
 //!
-//! This module owns the inline transcript's selection model and helper
-//! utilities:
+//! The transcript (history) viewport is rendered as a flattened list of visual
+//! lines after wrapping. Selection in the transcript needs to be stable across
+//! scrolling and terminal resizes, so endpoints are expressed in
+//! *content-relative* coordinates:
 //!
-//! - A **content-relative** selection representation ([`TranscriptSelection`])
-//!   expressed in terms of flattened, wrapped transcript line indices and
-//!   columns.
-//! - A small mouse-driven **selection state machine** (`on_mouse_*` helpers)
-//!   that implements "start selection on drag" semantics.
-//! - Copy extraction ([`selection_text`]) that matches on-screen glyph layout by
-//!   rendering selected lines into an offscreen [`ratatui::Buffer`].
+//! - `line_index`: index into the flattened, wrapped transcript lines (visual
+//!   lines).
+//! - `column`: a zero-based offset within that visual line, measured from the
+//!   first content column to the right of the gutter.
 //!
-//! ## Coordinate model
+//! These coordinates are intentionally independent of the current viewport: the
+//! user can scroll after selecting, and the selection should continue to refer
+//! to the same conversation content.
 //!
-//! Selection endpoints are expressed in *wrapped* coordinates so they remain
-//! stable across scrolling and reflowing when the terminal is resized:
-//!
-//! - `line_index` is an index into flattened wrapped transcript lines
-//!   (i.e. "visual lines").
-//! - `column` is a 0-based column offset within that visual line, measured from
-//!   the first content column to the right of the transcript gutter.
-//!
-//! The transcript gutter is reserved for UI affordances (bullets, prefixes,
-//! etc.). The gutter itself is not copyable; both selection highlighting and
-//! copy extraction treat selection columns as starting at `base_x =
-//! TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS`.
+//! Clipboard reconstruction is implemented in `transcript_copy` (including
+//! off-screen lines), while keybinding detection and the on-screen copy
+//! affordance live in `transcript_copy_ui`.
 //!
 //! ## Mouse selection semantics
 //!
-//! The transcript supports click-and-drag selection for copying text. To avoid
-//! distracting "1-cell selections" on a simple click, the selection highlight
-//! only becomes active once the user drags:
-//!
-//! - `on_mouse_down`: stores an **anchor** point and clears any existing head.
-//! - `on_mouse_drag`: sets the **head** point, creating an active selection
-//!   (`anchor` + `head`).
-//! - `on_mouse_up`: clears the selection if it never became active (no head) or
-//!   if the drag ended at the anchor.
-//!
-//! The helper APIs return whether the selection state changed so callers can
-//! schedule a redraw. `on_mouse_drag` also returns whether the caller should
-//! lock the transcript scroll position when dragging while following the bottom
-//! during streaming output.
+//! The transcript supports click-and-drag selection. To avoid leaving a
+//! distracting 1-cell highlight on a simple click, the selection only becomes
+//! active once a drag updates the head point.
 
 use crate::tui::scrolling::TranscriptScroll;
-use itertools::Itertools as _;
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
-use ratatui::widgets::WidgetRef;
-use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
-/// Number of columns reserved for the transcript gutter before the copyable
-/// transcript text begins.
+/// Number of columns reserved for the transcript gutter (bullet/prefix space).
+///
+/// Transcript rendering prefixes each line with a short gutter (e.g. `• ` or
+/// continuation padding). Selection coordinates intentionally exclude this
+/// gutter so selection/copy operates on content columns instead of terminal
+/// absolute columns.
 pub(crate) const TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS: u16 = 2;
 
 /// Content-relative selection within the inline transcript viewport.
-///
-/// Selection endpoints are expressed in terms of flattened, wrapped transcript
-/// line indices and columns, so the highlight tracks logical conversation
-/// content even when the viewport scrolls or the terminal is resized.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct TranscriptSelection {
-    /// The selection anchor (fixed start) in transcript coordinates.
+    /// The initial selection point (where the selection drag started).
+    ///
+    /// This remains fixed while dragging; the highlighted region is the span
+    /// between `anchor` and `head`.
     pub(crate) anchor: Option<TranscriptSelectionPoint>,
-    /// The selection head (moving end) in transcript coordinates.
+    /// The current selection point (where the selection drag currently ends).
+    ///
+    /// This is `None` until the user drags, which prevents a simple click from
+    /// creating a persistent selection highlight.
     pub(crate) head: Option<TranscriptSelectionPoint>,
 }
 
-impl TranscriptSelection {
-    /// Create an active selection with both endpoints set.
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        anchor: impl Into<TranscriptSelectionPoint>,
-        head: impl Into<TranscriptSelectionPoint>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            anchor: Some(anchor.into()),
-            head: Some(head.into()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// A single endpoint of a transcript selection.
-///
-/// `line_index` is an index into the flattened wrapped transcript lines, and
-/// `column` is a zero-based column offset within that visual line, counted from
-/// the first content column to the right of the transcript gutter.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub(crate) struct TranscriptSelectionPoint {
-    /// Index into the flattened wrapped transcript lines.
+    /// Index into the flattened, wrapped transcript lines.
     pub(crate) line_index: usize,
-    /// Zero-based column offset within the wrapped line, relative to the first
-    /// content column to the right of the transcript gutter.
+    /// Zero-based content column (excluding the gutter).
+    ///
+    /// This is not a terminal absolute column: callers add the gutter offset
+    /// when mapping it to a rendered buffer row.
     pub(crate) column: u16,
 }
 
@@ -102,12 +69,23 @@ impl TranscriptSelectionPoint {
 }
 
 impl From<(usize, u16)> for TranscriptSelectionPoint {
-    /// Convert from `(line_index, column)`.
     fn from((line_index, column): (usize, u16)) -> Self {
         Self::new(line_index, column)
     }
 }
 
+/// Return `(start, end)` with `start <= end` in transcript order.
+pub(crate) fn ordered_endpoints(
+    anchor: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
+    head: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
+) -> (TranscriptSelectionPoint, TranscriptSelectionPoint) {
+    if anchor <= head {
+        (anchor, head)
+    } else {
+        (head, anchor)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Begin a potential transcript selection (left button down).
 ///
 /// This records an anchor point and clears any existing head. The selection is
@@ -235,394 +213,11 @@ fn end(selection: &mut TranscriptSelection) {
     }
 }
 
-/// Extract the full transcript selection as plain text.
-///
-/// This intentionally does *not* use viewport state. Instead it:
-///
-/// - Applies the same word-wrapping used for on-screen rendering, producing
-///   flattened "visual" lines.
-/// - Renders each selected visual line into a 1-row offscreen `Buffer` and
-///   extracts the selected character cells from that buffer.
-///
-/// Using the rendered buffer (instead of slicing the source strings) keeps copy
-/// semantics aligned with what the user sees on screen, including:
-///
-/// - Prefixes / indentation introduced during rendering (e.g. list markers).
-/// - The transcript gutter: selection columns are defined relative to the
-///   first content column to the right of the gutter (`base_x =
-///   TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS`).
-/// - Multi-cell glyph rendering decisions made by the backend.
-///
-/// Notes:
-///
-/// - Trailing padding to the right margin is not included; we clamp each line
-///   to the last non-space glyph to avoid copying a full-width block of spaces.
-/// - `TranscriptSelectionPoint::column` can be arbitrarily large (e.g.
-///   `u16::MAX` when dragging to the right edge); we clamp to the rendered line
-///   width so "copy to end of line" behaves naturally.
-pub(crate) fn selection_text(
-    lines: &[Line<'static>],
-    selection: TranscriptSelection,
-    width: u16,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let (anchor, head) = selection.anchor.zip(selection.head)?;
-    if anchor == head {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let (start, end) = ordered_endpoints(anchor, head);
-    let wrapped = wrap_transcript_lines(lines, width)?;
-    let ctx = RenderContext::new(width)?;
-
-    let total_lines = wrapped.len();
-    if start.line_index >= total_lines {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // If the selection ends beyond the last wrapped line, clamp it so selection
-    // behaves like "copy through the end" rather than returning no text.
-    let (end_line_index, end_is_clamped) = clamp_end_line(end.line_index, total_lines)?;
-
-    let mut buf = Buffer::empty(ctx.area);
-    let mut lines_out: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-
-    for (line_index, line) in wrapped
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .take(end_line_index + 1)
-        .skip(start.line_index)
-    {
-        buf.reset();
-        line.render_ref(ctx.area, &mut buf);
-
-        let Some((row_sel_start, row_sel_end)) =
-            ctx.selection_bounds_for_line(line_index, start, end, end_is_clamped)
-        else {
-            // Preserve row count/newlines within the selection even if this
-            // particular visual line produces no selected cells.
-            lines_out.push(String::new());
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let Some(content_end_x) = ctx.content_end_x(&buf) else {
-            // Preserve explicit blank lines (e.g., spacer rows) in the selection.
-            lines_out.push(String::new());
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let from_x = row_sel_start.max(ctx.base_x);
-        let to_x = row_sel_end.min(content_end_x);
-        if from_x > to_x {
-            // Preserve row count/newlines even when selection falls beyond the
-            // rendered content for this visual line.
-            lines_out.push(String::new());
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        lines_out.push(ctx.extract_text(&buf, from_x, to_x));
-    }
-
-    Some(lines_out.join("\n"))
-}
-
-/// Return `(start, end)` with `start <= end` in transcript order.
-pub(crate) fn ordered_endpoints(
-    anchor: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
-    head: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
-) -> (TranscriptSelectionPoint, TranscriptSelectionPoint) {
-    if anchor <= head {
-        (anchor, head)
-    } else {
-        (head, anchor)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Wrap transcript lines using the same algorithm as on-screen rendering.
-///
-/// Returns `None` for invalid widths or when wrapping produces no visual lines.
-fn wrap_transcript_lines<'a>(lines: &'a [Line<'static>], width: u16) -> Option<Vec<Line<'a>>> {
-    if width == 0 || lines.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let wrapped = crate::wrapping::word_wrap_lines_borrowed(lines, width.max(1) as usize);
-    (!wrapped.is_empty()).then_some(wrapped)
-}
-
-/// Context for rendering a single wrapped transcript line into a 1-row buffer and
-/// extracting selected cells.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct RenderContext {
-    /// One-row region used for offscreen rendering.
-    area: Rect,
-    /// X coordinate where copyable transcript content begins (gutter skipped).
-    base_x: u16,
-    /// Maximum X coordinate inside the render area (inclusive).
-    max_x: u16,
-    /// Maximum content-relative column (0-based) within the render area.
-    max_content_col: u16,
-}
-
-impl RenderContext {
-    /// Create a 1-row render context for a given terminal width.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` when the width is too small to hold any copyable content
-    /// (e.g. the gutter consumes the entire row).
-    fn new(width: u16) -> Option<Self> {
-        if width == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, width, 1);
-        let base_x = area.x.saturating_add(TRANSCRIPT_GUTTER_COLS);
-        let max_x = area.right().saturating_sub(1);
-        if base_x > max_x {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        Some(Self {
-            area,
-            base_x,
-            max_x,
-            max_content_col: max_x.saturating_sub(base_x),
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Compute the inclusive selection X range for this visual line.
-    ///
-    /// `start`/`end` columns are content-relative (0 starts at the first column
-    /// to the right of the transcript gutter). For the terminal line containing
-    /// the selection endpoint, this clamps the selection to that endpoint; for
-    /// intermediate lines it selects the whole line.
-    ///
-    /// If the selection end was clamped to the last available line (meaning the
-    /// logical selection extended beyond the rendered transcript), the final
-    /// line is treated as selecting through the end of that line.
-    fn selection_bounds_for_line(
-        &self,
-        line_index: usize,
-        start: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
-        end: TranscriptSelectionPoint,
-        end_is_clamped: bool,
-    ) -> Option<(u16, u16)> {
-        let line_start_col = if line_index == start.line_index {
-            start.column
-        } else {
-            0
-        };
-        let line_end_col = if !end_is_clamped && line_index == end.line_index {
-            end.column
-        } else {
-            self.max_content_col
-        };
-
-        let row_sel_start = self.base_x.saturating_add(line_start_col);
-        let row_sel_end = self.base_x.saturating_add(line_end_col).min(self.max_x);
-
-        (row_sel_start <= row_sel_end).then_some((row_sel_start, row_sel_end))
-    }
-
-    /// Find the last non-space glyph in the rendered content area.
-    ///
-    /// This is used to avoid copying right-margin padding when the rendered row
-    /// is shorter than the terminal width.
-    fn content_end_x(&self, buf: &Buffer) -> Option<u16> {
-        (self.base_x..=self.max_x)
-            .rev()
-            .find(|&x| buf[(x, 0)].symbol() != " ")
-    }
-
-    /// Extract rendered cell contents from an inclusive `[from_x, to_x]` range.
-    ///
-    /// Note: terminals represent wide glyphs (e.g. CJK characters) using multiple
-    /// cells, but only the first cell contains the glyph's symbol. The remaining
-    /// cells are "continuation" cells that should not be copied as separate
-    /// characters. Ratatui marks those continuation cells as a single space in
-    /// the buffer, so we must explicitly skip `width - 1` following cells after
-    /// reading each rendered symbol to avoid producing output like `"コ X"`.
-    fn extract_text(&self, buf: &Buffer, from_x: u16, to_x: u16) -> String {
-        (from_x..=to_x)
-            .batching(|xs| {
-                let x = xs.next()?;
-                let symbol = buf[(x, 0)].symbol();
-                for _ in 0..symbol.width().saturating_sub(1) {
-                    xs.next();
-                }
-                (!symbol.is_empty()).then_some(symbol)
-            })
-            .join("")
-    }
-}
-
-/// Clamp `end_line_index` to the last available line and report if it was clamped.
-///
-/// Returns `None` when there are no wrapped lines.
-fn clamp_end_line(end_line_index: usize, total_lines: usize) -> Option<(usize, bool)> {
-    if total_lines == 0 {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let clamped = end_line_index.min(total_lines.saturating_sub(1));
-    Some((clamped, clamped != end_line_index))
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_when_missing_endpoints() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::default();
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_when_endpoints_equal() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 2), (0, 2));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_for_empty_lines() {
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 1));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&[], selection, 40), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_for_zero_width() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 1));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 0), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_when_width_smaller_than_gutter() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 1));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 2), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_skips_gutter_prefix() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 4));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "Hello");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_selects_substring_single_line() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello world".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 6), (0, 10));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "world");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_preserves_interior_spaces() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "a  b".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 3));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "a  b");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_skips_hidden_wide_glyph_cells() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "コX".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 2));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "コX");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_orders_reversed_endpoints() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "Hello world".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 10), (0, 6));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "world");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_selects_multiple_lines_with_partial_endpoints() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "abcde".into()]),
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "fghij".into()]),
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "klmno".into()]),
-        ];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 2), (2, 2));
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(),
-            "cde\nfghij\nklm"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_selects_to_end_of_line_for_large_column() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "one".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, u16::MAX));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "one");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_includes_indentation_spaces() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "  ind".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (0, 4));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "  ind");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_preserves_empty_lines() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "one".into()]),
-            Line::from("• "),
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "two".into()]),
-        ];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (2, 2));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "one\n\ntwo");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_clamps_end_line_index() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "one".into()]),
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "two".into()]),
-        ];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (100, u16::MAX));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "one\ntwo");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_clamps_end_line_index_ignoring_end_column() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "one".into()]),
-            Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "two".into()]),
-        ];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((0, 0), (100, 0));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40).unwrap(), "one\ntwo");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn selection_text_returns_none_when_start_line_out_of_range() {
-        let lines = vec![Line::from(vec!["• ".into(), "one".into()])];
-        let selection = TranscriptSelection::new((100, 0), (101, 0));
-
-        assert_eq!(selection_text(&lines, selection, 40), None);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn selection_only_highlights_on_drag() {
         let anchor = TranscriptSelectionPoint::new(0, 1);

codex-rs/tui2/src/wrapping.rs

@@ -155,6 +155,13 @@ pub(crate) fn word_wrap_line<'a, O>(line: &'a Line<'a>, width_or_options: O) ->
 where
     O: Into<RtOptions<'a>>,
 {
+    let (lines, _joiners) = word_wrap_line_with_joiners(line, width_or_options);
+    lines
+}
+
+fn flatten_line_and_bounds<'a>(
+    line: &'a Line<'a>,
+) -> (String, Vec<(Range<usize>, ratatui::style::Style)>) {
     // Flatten the line and record span byte ranges.
     let mut flat = String::new();
     let mut span_bounds = Vec::new();
@@ -166,6 +173,43 @@ where
         acc += text.len();
         span_bounds.push((start..acc, s.style));
     }
+    (flat, span_bounds)
+}
+
+fn build_wrapped_line_from_range<'a>(
+    indent: Line<'a>,
+    original: &'a Line<'a>,
+    span_bounds: &[(Range<usize>, ratatui::style::Style)],
+    range: &Range<usize>,
+) -> Line<'a> {
+    let mut out = indent.style(original.style);
+    let sliced = slice_line_spans(original, span_bounds, range);
+    let mut spans = out.spans;
+    spans.append(
+        &mut sliced
+            .spans
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| s.patch_style(original.style))
+            .collect(),
+    );
+    out.spans = spans;
+    out
+}
+
+/// Wrap a single line and also return, for each output line, the string that should be inserted
+/// when joining it to the previous output line as a *soft wrap*.
+///
+/// - The first output line always has `None`.
+/// - Continuation lines have `Some(joiner)` where `joiner` is the exact substring (often spaces,
+///   possibly empty) that was skipped at the wrap boundary.
+pub(crate) fn word_wrap_line_with_joiners<'a, O>(
+    line: &'a Line<'a>,
+    width_or_options: O,
+) -> (Vec<Line<'a>>, Vec<Option<String>>)
+where
+    O: Into<RtOptions<'a>>,
+{
+    let (flat, span_bounds) = flatten_line_and_bounds(line);
 
     let rt_opts: RtOptions<'a> = width_or_options.into();
     let opts = Options::new(rt_opts.width)
@@ -176,7 +220,9 @@ where
         .word_splitter(rt_opts.word_splitter);
 
     let mut out: Vec<Line<'a>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut joiners: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
 
+    // The first output line uses the initial indent and a reduced available width.
     // Compute first line range with reduced width due to initial indent.
     let initial_width_available = opts
         .width
@@ -184,54 +230,100 @@ where
         .max(1);
     let initial_wrapped = wrap_ranges_trim(&flat, opts.clone().width(initial_width_available));
     let Some(first_line_range) = initial_wrapped.first() else {
-        return vec![rt_opts.initial_indent.clone()];
+        out.push(rt_opts.initial_indent.clone());
+        joiners.push(None);
+        return (out, joiners);
     };
 
-    // Build first wrapped line with initial indent.
-    let mut first_line = rt_opts.initial_indent.clone().style(line.style);
-    {
-        let sliced = slice_line_spans(line, &span_bounds, first_line_range);
-        let mut spans = first_line.spans;
-        spans.append(
-            &mut sliced
-                .spans
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|s| s.patch_style(line.style))
-                .collect(),
-        );
-        first_line.spans = spans;
-        out.push(first_line);
-    }
+    let first_line = build_wrapped_line_from_range(
+        rt_opts.initial_indent.clone(),
+        line,
+        &span_bounds,
+        first_line_range,
+    );
+    out.push(first_line);
+    joiners.push(None);
 
-    // Wrap the remainder using subsequent indent width and map back to original indices.
-    let base = first_line_range.end;
+    // Wrap the remainder using subsequent indent width. We also compute the joiner strings that
+    // were skipped at each wrap boundary so callers can treat these as soft wraps during copy.
+    let mut base = first_line_range.end;
     let skip_leading_spaces = flat[base..].chars().take_while(|c| *c == ' ').count();
-    let base = base + skip_leading_spaces;
+    let joiner_first = flat[base..base.saturating_add(skip_leading_spaces)].to_string();
+    base = base.saturating_add(skip_leading_spaces);
+
     let subsequent_width_available = opts
         .width
         .saturating_sub(rt_opts.subsequent_indent.width())
         .max(1);
-    let remaining_wrapped = wrap_ranges_trim(&flat[base..], opts.width(subsequent_width_available));
-    for r in &remaining_wrapped {
+    let remaining = &flat[base..];
+    let remaining_wrapped = wrap_ranges_trim(remaining, opts.width(subsequent_width_available));
+
+    let mut prev_end = 0usize;
+    for (i, r) in remaining_wrapped.iter().enumerate() {
         if r.is_empty() {
             continue;
         }
-        let mut subsequent_line = rt_opts.subsequent_indent.clone().style(line.style);
+
+        // Each continuation line has `Some(joiner)`. The joiner may be empty (e.g. splitting a
+        // long word), but the distinction from `None` is important: `None` represents a hard break.
+        let joiner = if i == 0 {
+            joiner_first.clone()
+        } else {
+            remaining[prev_end..r.start].to_string()
+        };
+        prev_end = r.end;
+
         let offset_range = (r.start + base)..(r.end + base);
-        let sliced = slice_line_spans(line, &span_bounds, &offset_range);
-        let mut spans = subsequent_line.spans;
-        spans.append(
-            &mut sliced
-                .spans
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|s| s.patch_style(line.style))
-                .collect(),
+        let subsequent_line = build_wrapped_line_from_range(
+            rt_opts.subsequent_indent.clone(),
+            line,
+            &span_bounds,
+            &offset_range,
         );
-        subsequent_line.spans = spans;
         out.push(subsequent_line);
+        joiners.push(Some(joiner));
     }
 
-    out
+    (out, joiners)
+}
+
+/// Like `word_wrap_lines`, but also returns a parallel vector of soft-wrap joiners.
+///
+/// The joiner is `None` when the line break is a hard break (between input lines), and `Some`
+/// when the line break is a soft wrap continuation produced by the wrapping algorithm.
+#[allow(private_bounds)] // IntoLineInput isn't public, but it doesn't really need to be.
+pub(crate) fn word_wrap_lines_with_joiners<'a, I, O, L>(
+    lines: I,
+    width_or_options: O,
+) -> (Vec<Line<'static>>, Vec<Option<String>>)
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = L>,
+    L: IntoLineInput<'a>,
+    O: Into<RtOptions<'a>>,
+{
+    let base_opts: RtOptions<'a> = width_or_options.into();
+    let mut out: Vec<Line<'static>> = Vec::new();
+    let mut joiners: Vec<Option<String>> = Vec::new();
+
+    for (idx, line) in lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let line_input = line.into_line_input();
+        let opts = if idx == 0 {
+            base_opts.clone()
+        } else {
+            let mut o = base_opts.clone();
+            let sub = o.subsequent_indent.clone();
+            o = o.initial_indent(sub);
+            o
+        };
+
+        let (wrapped, wrapped_joiners) = word_wrap_line_with_joiners(line_input.as_ref(), opts);
+        for (l, j) in wrapped.into_iter().zip(wrapped_joiners) {
+            out.push(crate::render::line_utils::line_to_static(&l));
+            joiners.push(j);
+        }
+    }
+
+    (out, joiners)
 }
 
 /// Utilities to allow wrapping either borrowed or owned lines.
@@ -552,6 +644,66 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(concat_line(&out[1]), "cd");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_line_with_joiners_matches_word_wrap_line_output() {
+        let opts = RtOptions::new(8)
+            .initial_indent(Line::from("- "))
+            .subsequent_indent(Line::from("  "));
+        let line = Line::from(vec!["hello ".red(), "world".into()]);
+
+        let out = word_wrap_line(&line, opts.clone());
+        let (with_joiners, joiners) = word_wrap_line_with_joiners(&line, opts);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            with_joiners.iter().map(concat_line).collect_vec(),
+            out.iter().map(concat_line).collect_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(joiners.len(), with_joiners.len());
+        assert_eq!(
+            joiners.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Some("x".to_string())),
+            None
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_line_with_joiners_includes_skipped_spaces() {
+        let line = Line::from("hello   world");
+        let (wrapped, joiners) = word_wrap_line_with_joiners(&line, 8);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrapped.iter().map(concat_line).collect_vec(),
+            vec!["hello", "world"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(joiners, vec![None, Some("   ".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_line_with_joiners_uses_empty_joiner_for_mid_word_split() {
+        let line = Line::from("abcd");
+        let (wrapped, joiners) = word_wrap_line_with_joiners(&line, 2);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrapped.iter().map(concat_line).collect_vec(),
+            vec!["ab", "cd"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(joiners, vec![None, Some("".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wrap_lines_with_joiners_marks_hard_breaks_between_input_lines() {
+        let (wrapped, joiners) =
+            word_wrap_lines_with_joiners([Line::from("hello world"), Line::from("foo bar")], 5);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            wrapped.iter().map(concat_line).collect_vec(),
+            vec!["hello", "world", "foo", "bar"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            joiners,
+            vec![None, Some(" ".to_string()), None, Some(" ".to_string())]
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn wrap_lines_applies_initial_indent_only_once() {
         let opts = RtOptions::new(8)